Shallow Approximate Unitary Designs from Relative Entropy Decay of Unstructured Random Circuits

Nicholas Laracuente

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arXiv · 2510.08537

Shallow Approximate Unitary Designs from Relative Entropy Decay of Unstructured Random Circuits

Nicholas Laracuente

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Abstract

Approximate unitary k-designs are ensembles of unitary matrices whose first k statistical moments approximate the Haar (uniform) measure. Shallow, random quantum circuits with temporally and spatially structured architectures are known to yield approximate k-designs in depth that is logarithmic in the number of qubits. It was open whether this structure is physically necessary. Shown here is shallow relative entropy convergence for standard notions of less structured, time-periodic circuits, implying additive-error approximate k-designs in nearly logarithmic depth (up to sub-logarithmic factors). These architectures include 1-dimensional brickwork and gates placed randomly according to a connected, bounded-degree graph. Relative entropy recombination methods derived herein are potentially of independent interest.

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Nicholas Laracuente. 2025-10-09. Shallow Approximate Unitary Designs from Relative Entropy Decay of Unstructured Random Circuits. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08537

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