From Universal Approximation Theorem to Tropical Geometry of Multi-Layer Perceptrons

Yi-Shan Chu; Yueh-Cheng Kuo

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arXiv · 2510.15012

From Universal Approximation Theorem to Tropical Geometry of Multi-Layer Perceptrons

Yi-Shan Chu·Yueh-Cheng Kuo

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Abstract

We revisit the Universal Approximation Theorem(UAT) through the lens of the tropical geometry of neural networks and introduce a constructive, geometry-aware initialization for sigmoidal multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs). Tropical geometry shows that Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) networks admit decision functions with a combinatorial structure often described as a tropical rational, namely a difference of tropical polynomials. Focusing on planar binary classification, we design purely sigmoidal MLPs that adhere to the finite-sum format of UAT: a finite linear combination of shifted and scaled sigmoids of affine functions. The resulting models yield decision boundaries that already align with prescribed shapes at initialization and can be refined by standard training if desired. This provides a practical bridge between the tropical perspective and smooth MLPs, enabling interpretable, shape-driven initialization without resorting to ReLU architectures. We focus on the construction and empirical demonstrations in two dimensions; theoretical analysis and higher-dimensional extensions are left for future work.

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Yi-Shan Chu, Yueh-Cheng Kuo. 2025-10-16. From Universal Approximation Theorem to Tropical Geometry of Multi-Layer Perceptrons. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15012

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