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arXiv · 2510.16229

C/N0 Analysis-Based GPS Spoofing Detection with Variable Antenna Orientations

Vienna Li·Justin Villa·Dan Diessner·Jayson Clifford·Laxima Niure Kandel
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Abstract

GPS spoofing poses a growing threat to aviation by falsifying satellite signals and misleading aircraft navigation systems. This paper demonstrates a proof-of-concept spoofing detection strategy based on analyzing satellite Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio (C/N$_0$) variation during controlled static antenna orientations. Using a u-blox EVK-M8U receiver and a GPSG-1000 satellite simulator, C/N$_0$ data is collected under three antenna orientations flat, banked right, and banked left) in both real-sky (non-spoofed) and spoofed environments. Our findings reveal that under non-spoofed signals, C/N$_0$ values fluctuate naturally with orientation, reflecting true geometric dependencies. However, spoofed signals demonstrate a distinct pattern: the flat orientation, which directly faces the spoofing antenna, consistently yielded the highest C/N$_0$ values, while both banked orientations showed reduced C/N$_0$ due to misalignment with the spoofing source. These findings suggest that simple maneuvers such as brief banking to induce C/N$_0$ variations can provide early cues of GPS spoofing for general aviation and UAV systems.

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Vienna Li, Justin Villa, Dan Diessner, Jayson Clifford, Laxima Niure Kandel. 2025-10-17. C/N0 Analysis-Based GPS Spoofing Detection with Variable Antenna Orientations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16229

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