The Lorentz-Violating effects in charged particle systems

Abstract

We investigate the relativistic dynamics of a spin half particle in the presence of a Lorentz-violating background within the framework of effective field theory. A modified Dirac Hamiltonian is considered, arising from a CPT odd coupling involving the Lorentz violating gauge tensor of the Standard Model Extension (SME). The velocity and effective force operators are derived from the Heisenberg equations of motion. Using Ehrenfest s theorem and the correspondence principle, we obtain the classical limit of the dynamics and identify an effective force exhibiting a generalized Lorentz force structure. This formalism is applied to a Penning trap system, known for its high precision measurements of charged particle properties. Our analysis shows that the effective cyclotron frequency acquires a correction due to the Lorentz violating term, leading to deviations in the particle trajectory and offering a potentially observable signature of Lorentz violation in precision experiments. By comparing our results with current bounds from high precision Penning traps, we establish an upper limit on the Lorentz violating coupling, $\bar{g}k_{AF}\lesssim 2.32 \times 10^{4}\mathrm{eV}^{-1}$ corresponds to LIV effects. This bound is compatible with the interpretation of an effective Lorentz violation, consistent with current observational constraints, and it reinforces the phenomenological nature of the term under consideration, in agreement with previous analyses based on cosmological birefringence and photon propagation in a Lorentz violating background.