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arXiv · 2510.17125

From Stars to Waves: Non-deterministic Inference of Microlensed Gravitational Waves

Zhaoqi Su·Xikai Shan·Zhenwei Lyu·Junyao Zhang·Yebin Liu·Shude Mao·Huan Yang
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Abstract

Strongly lensed gravitational waves may pass through the stellar field of a lensing galaxy with additional modulations (on both phase and amplitude) due to gravitational microlensing effect of stars/remnants near the line of sight. These microlensed waveforms depend on the mass and location of thousands or more most relevant stars, so that their deterministic reconstruction from the data is computationally prohibitive. We classify the detection and parameter estimation of such events as non-deterministic inference problem and propose a solution with the implementation of normalizing flows. As a first step, we show that $8\%$ of microlensed events can be detected with significance $\ge 3 \sigma$ in the third generation era, with the chosen microlensing parameters correlated with the density of the underlying stellar field. This approach opens the door to probing microlensing effects and the properties of the underlying stellar fields. A similar construction may also be applied to other non-deterministic inference problems, such as detecting post-merger gravitational waves from binary neutron star coalescence and signals from core-collapse supernovae.

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Zhaoqi Su, Xikai Shan, Zhenwei Lyu, Junyao Zhang, Yebin Liu, Shude Mao, Huan Yang. 2025-10-20. From Stars to Waves: Non-deterministic Inference of Microlensed Gravitational Waves. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17125

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