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arXiv · 2510.20772

Quantum Sensing of Gravitational Frame-Dragging with a Superfluid $^4$He Gyrometer

Kai-Isaak Ellers·Marios Christodoulou·K. C. Schwab·K. Birgitta Whaley
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Abstract

We propose a laboratory-scale experiment to locally measure the general relativistic frame-dragging effect on Earth using the macroscopic quantum properties of a novel superfluid $^4$He single Josephson junction gyrometer. We derive the frame-dragging and related geodetic and Thomas effects in the superfluid gyrometer and present a procedure for their experimental measurement. We compute the expected thermal noise floor and find that very high sensitivity can be expected at millikelvin temperatures, where near-future Josephson junctions using nanoporous 2D materials are expected to operate. Assuming utilization of the lowest mechanical loss materials, we find a noise spectral density of $5\times 10^{-17}$ rads/s/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at 10 mK, which is sufficient to resolve the frame-dragging rate to 0.2% within one second of measurement, giving a rotational sensitivity of 1 revolution in 4 Byrs. This extreme sensitivity to rotation corresponds to a measurement of proper time differences as small as $10^{-35}$ s.

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Kai-Isaak Ellers, Marios Christodoulou, K. C. Schwab, K. Birgitta Whaley. 2025-10-23. Quantum Sensing of Gravitational Frame-Dragging with a Superfluid $^4$He Gyrometer. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.20772

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