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arXiv · 2511.03572

Leniency Designs: An Operator's Manual

Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham·Peter Hull·Michal Kolesár
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Abstract

We develop a step-by-step guide to leniency (a.k.a. judge or examiner instrument) designs, drawing on recent econometric literatures. The unbiased jackknife instrumental variables estimator (UJIVE) is purpose-built for leveraging exogenous leniency variation, avoiding subtle biases even in the presence of many decision-makers or controls. We show how UJIVE can also be used to assess key assumptions underlying leniency designs, including quasi-random assignment and average first-stage monotonicity, and to probe the external validity of treatment effect estimates. We further discuss statistical inference, arguing that non-clustered standard errors are often appropriate. A reanalysis of Farre-Mensa et al. (2020), using quasi-random examiner assignment to estimate the value of patents to startups, illustrates our checklist.

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BibTeXRIS

Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Peter Hull, Michal Kolesár. 2025-11-05. Leniency Designs: An Operator's Manual. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.03572

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