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arXiv · 2511.04210

NANOGrav 15-year gravitational-wave signals from binary supermassive black-holes seeded by primordial black holes, and implications for the origins of Little Red Dots

Mikage U. Kobayashi·Kazunori Kohri
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Abstract

In this paper, we explain the recently reported a nHz-band gravitational-wave background from NANOGrav 15-year through the merger of binary super-massive black holes with masses of $10^9 M_{\odot}$ formed by the growth of primordial black holes. When a primordial black hole accretes at a high accretion rate, it emits a large number of high-energy photons. These heat the plasma, causing high-redshift cosmological 21cm line emission. Since this has not been detected, there is a strict upper bound on the accretion rate. We have found that with the primordial black hole abundance $10^{-14} \lesssim f_{\rm PBH} \lesssim 10^{-12}$ and the mass $1 M_{\odot} \lesssim m_{\rm PBH} \lesssim 10^3 M_{\odot}$, we successfully fit the nHz band gravitational wave background from NANOGrav 15-year while avoiding the 21 cm line emission. In addition, we also discuss the implication for the origins of the Little Red Dots. We propose that future observations of the gravitational wave background and the cosmological 21cm line can test this scenario.

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Mikage U. Kobayashi, Kazunori Kohri. 2025-11-06. NANOGrav 15-year gravitational-wave signals from binary supermassive black-holes seeded by primordial black holes, and implications for the origins of Little Red Dots. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.04210

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