DL101 Neural Network Outputs and Loss Functions

Fernando Berzal

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arXiv · 2511.05131

DL101 Neural Network Outputs and Loss Functions

Fernando Berzal

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Abstract

The loss function used to train a neural network is strongly connected to its output layer from a statistical point of view. This technical report analyzes common activation functions for a neural network output layer, like linear, sigmoid, ReLU, and softmax, detailing their mathematical properties and their appropriate use cases. A strong statistical justification exists for the selection of the suitable loss function for training a deep learning model. This report connects common loss functions such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and various Cross-Entropy losses to the statistical principle of Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). Choosing a specific loss function is equivalent to assuming a specific probability distribution for the model output, highlighting the link between these functions and the Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) that underlie network output layers. Additional scenarios of practical interest are also considered, such as alternative output encodings, constrained outputs, and distributions with heavy tails.

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Fernando Berzal. 2025-11-07. DL101 Neural Network Outputs and Loss Functions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05131

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