First and second quantized digital quantum simulations of bosonic systems

Mathias Mikkelsen; Hubert Okadome Valencia

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arXiv · 2511.10124

First and second quantized digital quantum simulations of bosonic systems

Mathias Mikkelsen·Hubert Okadome Valencia

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Abstract

We compare the basic resource requirements for first and second quantized bosonic mappings in a system consisting of $N$ particles in $M$ modes. In addition to the standard binary first quantized mapping, we investigate the unary first quantized mapping. Our comparison focuses on the $k$-body reduced density matrix ($k$-RDM) and two standard bosonic Hamiltonians. The first quantized mappings use less resources for off-diagonal terms of the $k$-RDM by a factor of $ \sim N^k$, compared to the second quantized mappings. The number of gates for the first quantized binary mapping increases faster with $M$ compared to the other mappings. Nevertheless, a detailed numeric analysis reveals that the binary first quantized mapping still requires fewer gates than the binary and unary second quantized ones for realistic combinations of $N$ and $M$, while requiring exponentially fewer qubits than the unary mappings. Additionally, the number of CNOT and $R_z(\phi)$ gates necessary to express a single Trotter step of the Hamiltonian in the binary first quantized mapping is comparable to the (most efficient for a single Trotter step) unary first quantized one when $M = 2^n$ for both the Bose-Hubbard model and the harmonic trap with short-range interactions. Additionally the binary mapping leads to lower one-norms than the unary mapping making it the overall most efficient choice for qubitization-based quantum phase estimation.

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Mathias Mikkelsen, Hubert Okadome Valencia. 2025-11-13. First and second quantized digital quantum simulations of bosonic systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10124

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