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arXiv · 2511.11069

Subexponential upper bound on the number of rich words

Josef Rukavicka
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Abstract

Let $R(n)$ denote the number of rich words of length $n$ over a given finite alphabet. In 2017 it was proved that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \sqrt[n]{R(n)}=1$; it means the number of rich words has a subexponential growth. However, up to now, no subexponential upper bound on $R(n)$ has been presented. The current paper fills this gap. Let $\frac{1}{2}<\lambda<1$ and $\gamma>1$ be real constants, let $q$ be the size of the alphabet, and let $\phi$ be a positive function with $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\phi(n)=\infty$ and $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{n}{\phi(n)}=\infty$. Let $\ln^*(x)$ denote the iterated logarithm of $x>0$. We prove that there are $n_0$ and $c>0$ such that if $n>n_0$, \[f(n)=\sqrt[\gamma]{c\ln^*{(\frac{n}{\phi(n)}}\ln{q})}\quad\mbox{ and }\quad B(n)=q^{\frac{n}{\phi(n)}+\frac{n}{(2\lambda)^{f(n)-1}}}\mbox{}\] then $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sqrt[n]{B(n)}=1$ and $R(n)\leq B(n)$.

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Josef Rukavicka. 2025-11-14. Subexponential upper bound on the number of rich words. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11069

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