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arXiv · 2511.13963

Hessians in Birkhoff-Theoretic Trajectory Optimization

I. M. Ross
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Abstract

This paper derives various Hessians associated with Birkhoff-theoretic methods for trajectory optimization. According to a theorem proved in this paper, approximately 80% of the eigenvalues are contained in the narrow interval [-2, 4] for all Birkhoff-discretized optimal control problems. A preliminary analysis of computational complexity is also presented with further discussions on the grand challenge of solving a million point trajectory optimization problem.

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I. M. Ross. 2025-11-17. Hessians in Birkhoff-Theoretic Trajectory Optimization. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.g008778

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