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arXiv · 2511.18257

Energy-Efficient Routing for Electric Vehicles under Acceleration and Load Effects

Tingting Su·Xinyue Zhang·Jingyi Zhao
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Abstract

This paper proposes an Acceleration and Load-Dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (ALD-EVRP), to optimize the energy consumption (EC) while capturing the effects of changing traffic conditions between peak and off-peak periods. We generalize the time-dependent speed model by replacing step functions with piecewise linear functions. The EC of each vehicle is influenced by its speed, acceleration, and real-time load. A mathematical model is developed and solved using BonMin, and a custom meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed for large-scale problems, yielding the same results as BonMin on small problems and performing better on larger ones. This is validated with real data from Singapore.

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Tingting Su, Xinyue Zhang, Jingyi Zhao. 2025-11-23. Energy-Efficient Routing for Electric Vehicles under Acceleration and Load Effects. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18257

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