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arXiv · 2511.21033

Towards Trustworthy Legal AI through LLM Agents and Formal Reasoning

Linze Chen·Yufan Cai·Zhe Hou·Jin Song Dong
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Abstract

Legal decisions should be logical and based on statutory laws. While large language models(LLMs) are good at understanding legal text, they cannot provide verifiable justifications. We present L4L, a solver-centric framework that enforces formal alignment between LLM-based legal reasoning and statutory laws. The framework integrates role-differentiated LLM agents with SMT-backed verification, combining the flexibility of natural language with the rigor of symbolic reasoning. Our approach operates in four stages: (1) Statute Knowledge Building, where LLMs autoformalize legal provisions into logical constraints and validate them through case-level testing; (2) Dual Fact-and-Statute Extraction, in which the prosecutor-and defense-aligned agents independently map case narratives to argument tuples; (3) Solver-Centric Adjudication, where SMT solvers check the legal admissibility and consistency of the arguments against the formalized statute knowledge; (4) Judicial Rendering, in which a judge agent integrates solver-validated reasoning with statutory interpretation and similar precedents to produce a legally grounded verdict. Experiments on public legal benchmarks show that L4L consistently outperforms baselines, while providing auditable justifications that enable trustworthy legal AI.

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Linze Chen, Yufan Cai, Zhe Hou, Jin Song Dong. 2025-11-26. Towards Trustworthy Legal AI through LLM Agents and Formal Reasoning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.21033

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