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arXiv · 2512.01898

Astrophysical viability of extremal black holes

Chiara Coviello·Ruth Gregory
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Abstract

We take a fresh look at the viability of physically realistic extremal black holes within our (non-supersymmetric) low energy physics. By incorporating prefactors and volume effects, we show that Schwinger discharge in charge neutral environments is far more efficient than commonly assumed. Using ionisation estimates for neutral hydrogen, we obtain a new and robust lower bound on the mass of an extremal electrically charged black hole, exceeding $10^{14} M_\odot$. For magnetic black holes, we compute the Lee-Nair-Weinberg instability and revisit early universe pair creation rates, including singular instantons that substantially enhance production, to demonstrate that the extreme charges required for stability are cosmologically implausible. Finally, we speculate that an extremal Kerr black hole could shed angular momentum via superradiant scattering from the stochastic gravitational wave background. Taken together, our results provide a unified picture that extremal black holes are unlikely to persist in our universe.

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Chiara Coviello, Ruth Gregory. 2025-12-01. Astrophysical viability of extremal black holes. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382%2Fae94d4

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