Leveraging Machine Learning and Large Language Models for Automated Image Clustering and Description in Legal Discovery

Qiang Mao; Fusheng Wei; Robert Neary; Charles Wang; Han Qin; Jianping Zhang; Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet

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arXiv · 2512.08079

Leveraging Machine Learning and Large Language Models for Automated Image Clustering and Description in Legal Discovery

Qiang Mao·Fusheng Wei·Robert Neary·Charles Wang·Han Qin·Jianping Zhang·Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet

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Abstract

The rapid increase in digital image creation and retention presents substantial challenges during legal discovery, digital archive, and content management. Corporations and legal teams must organize, analyze, and extract meaningful insights from large image collections under strict time pressures, making manual review impractical and costly. These demands have intensified interest in automated methods that can efficiently organize and describe large-scale image datasets. This paper presents a systematic investigation of automated cluster description generation through the integration of image clustering, image captioning, and large language models (LLMs). We apply K-means clustering to group images into 20 visually coherent clusters and generate base captions using the Azure AI Vision API. We then evaluate three critical dimensions of the cluster description process: (1) image sampling strategies, comparing random, centroid-based, stratified, hybrid, and density-based sampling against using all cluster images; (2) prompting techniques, contrasting standard prompting with chain-of-thought prompting; and (3) description generation methods, comparing LLM-based generation with traditional TF-IDF and template-based approaches. We assess description quality using semantic similarity and coverage metrics. Results show that strategic sampling with 20 images per cluster performs comparably to exhaustive inclusion while significantly reducing computational cost, with only stratified sampling showing modest degradation. LLM-based methods consistently outperform TF-IDF baselines, and standard prompts outperform chain-of-thought prompts for this task. These findings provide practical guidance for deploying scalable, accurate cluster description systems that support high-volume workflows in legal discovery and other domains requiring automated organization of large image collections.

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Qiang Mao, Fusheng Wei, Robert Neary, Charles Wang, Han Qin, Jianping Zhang, Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet. 2025-12-08. Leveraging Machine Learning and Large Language Models for Automated Image Clustering and Description in Legal Discovery. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08079

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