Robustness of Probabilistic Models to Low-Quality Data: A Multi-Perspective Analysis

Liu Peng; Yaochu Jin

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arXiv · 2512.11912

Robustness of Probabilistic Models to Low-Quality Data: A Multi-Perspective Analysis

Liu Peng·Yaochu Jin

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Abstract

A systematic, comparative investigation into the effects of low-quality data reveals a stark spectrum of robustness across modern probabilistic models. We find that autoregressive language models, from token prediction to sequence-to-sequence tasks, are remarkably resilient (for GPT-2, test NLL increases modestly from 2.87 to 3.59 despite 50% token corruption). By contrast, under the same levels of data corruption, class-conditional diffusion models degrade catastrophically (image-label consistency plummets by 56.81% relative to baseline), while classifiers show a moderate impact that diminishes with dataset scale. To explain these discrepancies, we analyze the results through a multi-perspective lens, integrating information theory, PAC learning, and gradient dynamics. These analyses suggest that robustness is heavily influenced by two key principles: the richness of conditioning information, which constrains the learning problem, and the absolute information content of the training data, which allows the signal from correct information to dominate statistical noise.

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Liu Peng, Yaochu Jin. 2025-12-11. Robustness of Probabilistic Models to Low-Quality Data: A Multi-Perspective Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.11912

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