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arXiv · 2512.12347

Equation of the Perfect Fluid in the FRW Universe

Shi-Bei Kong·Ying Wang·Yu-Ke Wang
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Abstract

In this paper, we study the equation of state and its properties of the perfect fluid in the $D$-dimensional FRW universe under Einstein gravity, Gauss-Bonnet gravity and Lovelock gravity. In Einstein gravity, we get the equation of state and find that it has no critical point in the $P$-$V$ diagram, but its isothermal lines have minima in the $4$-dimensional case and are always negative in higher dimensions. In Gauss-Bonnet gravity, we get the equation of state and find that it has a critical point in the $5,6,7,8$-dimensional cases with phase transitions above the critical temperature. In Lovelock gravity, we get the equation of state and conditions of the critical points. Our work shows that both the theories of gravity and the dimensions of the FRW universe affect the existence of the critical point of the perfect fluid. Interestingly, if the critical point exists, phase transition always occures above the critical temperature.

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Shi-Bei Kong, Ying Wang, Yu-Ke Wang. 2025-12-13. Equation of the Perfect Fluid in the FRW Universe. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12347

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