LLMQ: Efficient Lower-Precision Pretraining for Consumer GPUs

Erik Schultheis; Dan Alistarh

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arXiv · 2512.15306

LLMQ: Efficient Lower-Precision Pretraining for Consumer GPUs

Erik Schultheis·Dan Alistarh

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Abstract

We present LLMQ, an end-to-end CUDA/C++ implementation for medium-sized language-model training, e.g. 3B to 32B parameters, on affordable, commodity GPUs. These devices are characterized by low memory availability and slow communication compared to datacentre-grade GPUs. Consequently, we showcase a range of optimizations that target these bottlenecks, including activation checkpointing, offloading, and copy-engine based collectives. LLMQ is able to train or fine-tune a 7B model on a single 16GB mid-range gaming card, or a 32B model on a workstation equipped with 4 RTX 4090s. This is achieved while executing a standard 8-bit training pipeline, without additional algorithmic approximations, and maintaining FLOP utilization of around 50%. The efficiency of LLMQ rivals that of production-scale systems on much more expensive cloud-grade GPUs.

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BibTeX RIS

Erik Schultheis, Dan Alistarh. 2025-12-17. LLMQ: Efficient Lower-Precision Pretraining for Consumer GPUs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.15306

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