Amplitude-amplified coherence detection and estimation

Abstract

The detection and characterization of quantum coherence is of fundamental importance both in the foundations of quantum theory as well as for the rapidly developing field of quantum technologies, where coherence has been linked to quantum advantage. Typical approaches for detecting coherence employ {\it coherence witnesses} -- observable quantities whose expectation value can be used to certify the presence of coherence. By design, coherence witnesses are only able to detect coherence for some, but not all, possible states of a quantum system. In this work we construct protocols capable of detecting the presence of coherence in an {\it unknown} pure quantum state $|\psi\rangle$. Having access to $m$ copies of an unknown pure state $|\psi\rangle$ we show that the sample complexity of any experimental procedure for detecting coherence with constant probability of success $\ge 2/3$ is $\Theta(c(|\psi\rangle)^{-1})$, where $c(|\psi\rangle)$ is the geometric measure of coherence of $|\psi\rangle$. However, assuming access to the unitary $U_\psi$ which prepares the unknown state $|\psi\rangle$, and its inverse $U_\psi^\dagger$, we devise a coherence detecting protocol that employs amplitude-amplification {\it a la} Grover, and uses a quadratically smaller number $O(c(|\psi\rangle)^{-1/2})$ of samples. Furthermore, by augmenting amplitude amplification with phase estimation we obtain an experimental estimation of upper bounds on the geometric measure of coherence within additive error $\varepsilon$ with a sample complexity that scales as $O(1/\varepsilon)$ as compared to the $O(1/\varepsilon^2)$ sample complexity of Monte Carlo estimation methods. The average number of samples needed in our amplitude estimation protocol provides a new operational interpretation for the geometric measure of coherence. Finally, we also derive bounds on the amount of noise our protocols are able to tolerate.