Thermodynamic Constraints on Perfect Equilibrium Superconducting Diodes

Abstract

Superconducting diodes promise dissipationless rectification, yet equilibrium platforms without engineered junctions typically exhibit modest efficiencies. We identify a general thermodynamic origin of this behavior that is largely independent of microscopic details. Denoting $\epsilon = |I_c^-/I_c^+|$, where $I_c^\pm$ are critical currents in opposite directions with $|I_c^+|>|I_c^-|$ by convention, we show that an exact perfect equilibrium diode ($\epsilon=0$) is forbidden by continuity of the free energy. Asymptotically perfect behavior $\epsilon\to0$ is possible within a global equilibrium description, but requires free-energy singularities to enable softening of the unfavorable current-carrying branch. We demonstrate this explicitly in an exactly solvable Ising superconductor model. For smooth single-branch superconductors, standard finite-order polynomial Landau theory yields finite lower bounds on $\epsilon$, while Josephson systems obey analogous bounds set by finite harmonic content of the current-phase relation. The high efficiencies often reported in Josephson platforms arise because such devices commonly operate under phase constraints, metastable switching, or external drive, thereby evading unconstrained equilibrium limits. Thus, our results provide a unified framework for interpreting diode efficiencies across superconducting platforms.