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arXiv · 2512.22531

Cosmological long-wavelength solutions in non-adiabatic multi-fluid systems

Hayami Iizuka·Tomohiro Harada
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Abstract

We develop a formulation of nonlinear cosmological perturbations on superhorizon scales in multi-fluid systems. It is based on the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism combined with a spatial gradient expansion characterized by a small expansion parameter defined as the ratio of the comoving wavenumber to the Hubble scale. The background spacetime is assumed to be a flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe. Within this framework, we explicitly construct nonlinear long-wavelength solutions for cosmological perturbations. Since multi-fluid systems are inherently non-adiabatic, these solutions admit both adiabatic and entropy modes already at leading nonlinear order. We define adiabatic and entropy perturbations and discuss the non-uniqueness in defining pure entropy perturbations. Using different choices of pure entropy initial conditions, we analyze the time evolution of physical quantities such as the curvature perturbation and density perturbations in the geodesic slicing for two-fluid systems.

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Hayami Iizuka, Tomohiro Harada. 2025-12-27. Cosmological long-wavelength solutions in non-adiabatic multi-fluid systems. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516%2F2026%2F05%2F021

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