Spatial Interpolation of Room Impulse Responses based on Deeper Physics-Informed Neural Networks with Residual Connections

Abstract

The room impulse response (RIR) characterizes sound propagation in a room from a loudspeaker to a microphone under the linear time-invariant assumption. Estimating RIRs from a limited number of measurement points is crucial for sound propagation analysis and visualization. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have recently been introduced for accurate RIR estimation by embedding governing physical laws into deep learning models; however, the role of network depth has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we developed a deeper PINN architecture with residual connections and analyzed how network depth affects estimation performance. We further compared activation functions, including tanh and sinusoidal activations. Our results indicate that the residual PINN with sinusoidal activations achieves the highest accuracy for both interpolation and extrapolation of RIRs. Moreover, the proposed architecture enables stable training as the depth increases and yields notable improvements in estimating reflection components. These results provide practical guidelines for designing deep and stable PINNs for acoustic-inverse problems.