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arXiv · 2512.22930

The Equational Theory of Relational Kleene Algebra with Graph Loop is PSPACE-Complete

Yoshiki Nakamura
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Abstract

In this paper, we show that the equational theory of relational Kleene algebra with the graph loop operator (a.k.a. fixset) is PSpace-complete. Here, the graph loop is the unary operator that restricts a binary relation to the identity relation. We further show that this PSpace-completeness still holds by extending the terms with top, tests, converse, and nominals, over relational models. Notably, for Kleene algebra with tests (KAT), while the equational theory of relational KAT with antidomain is ExpTime-complete, we show that the equational theory of relational KAT with domain is PSpace-complete, thereby resolving a problem left open in previous works. To this end, we introduce a novel automaton model on relational structures (graphs), called loop-automata. Loop-automata extend nondeterministic finite automata with a transition type that tests whether the current vertex has a loop. Using this model, we can give a polynomial-time reduction from the equational theories above to the language inclusion problem for 2-way alternating automata.

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Yoshiki Nakamura. 2025-12-28. The Equational Theory of Relational Kleene Algebra with Graph Loop is PSPACE-Complete. https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.fscd.2026.25

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