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arXiv · 2512.23968

Referenced internal-line decomposition of one-loop string integrand and application to gauge and gravitational beta functions

Yao Li
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Abstract

Following the ideas of Refs.[1,2], we systematically reformulate and generalize the de- composition of one-loop string integrands according to the internal states propagating in a chosen loop channel, extending the construction to both bosonic and heterotic string theories. Using the chiral-splitting formalism, we make manifest a double-copy structure between the left- and right-moving internal loop states. As an application, we analyze the one-loop beta functions of gauge and gravitational couplings from the low-energy field- theory limit of heterotic one-loop three-point amplitudes under a naive $T^6$ compactification. Although maximal supersymmetry forces these beta functions to vanish, our internal-state decomposition provides model-independent expressions for the contributions of different internal loop states. We further show explicitly that both the gravitational beta function and the gravitational correction to the gauge beta function vanish.

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Yao Li. 2025-12-30. Referenced internal-line decomposition of one-loop string integrand and application to gauge and gravitational beta functions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23968

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