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arXiv · 2512.24832

Penny graphs in the hyperbolic plane

Ádám Sagmeister·Konrad J. Swanepoel
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Abstract

We consider the problem of finding the maximum number $e_d(n)$ of pairs of touching circles in a packing of $n$ congruent circles of diameter $d$ in the hyperbolic plane of curvature $-1$. In the Euclidean plane, the maximum comes from a spiral construction of the tiling of the plane with equilateral triangles (Harborth 1974), with a similar result in the hyperbolic plane for the values of $d$ corresponding to the order-$k$ triangular tilings (Bowen 2000). We present various upper and lower bounds for $e_d(n)$ for all values of $d > 0$. In particular, we prove that if $d > 0.66114\dots$ except for $d=0.76217\dots$, then the number of touching pairs is less than the one coming from a spiral construction in the order-$7$ triangular tiling, which we conjecture to be extremal. We also give a lower bound $e_d(n) > (2+\varepsilon_d)n$ where $\varepsilon_d > 1$ for all $d > 0$.

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Ádám Sagmeister, Konrad J. Swanepoel. 2025-12-31. Penny graphs in the hyperbolic plane. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.24832

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