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arXiv · 2601.06119

L2CU: Learning to Complement Unseen Users

Dileepa Pitawela·Gustavo Carneiro·Hsiang-Ting Chen
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Abstract

Recent research highlights the potential of machine learning models to learn to complement (L2C) human strengths; however, generalizing this capability to unseen users remains a significant challenge. Existing L2C methods oversimplify interaction between human and AI by relying on a single, global user model that neglects individual user variability, leading to suboptimal cooperative performance. Addressing this, we introduce L2CU, a novel L2C framework for human-AI cooperative classification with unseen users. Given sparse and noisy user annotations, L2CU identifies representative annotator profiles capturing distinct labeling patterns. By matching unseen users to these profiles, L2CU leverages profile-specific models to complement the user and achieve superior joint accuracy. We evaluate L2CU on datasets (CIFAR-10N, CIFAR-10H, Fashion-MNIST-H, Chaoyang and AgNews), demonstrating its effectiveness as a model-agnostic solution for improving human-AI cooperative classification.

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Dileepa Pitawela, Gustavo Carneiro, Hsiang-Ting Chen. 2026-01-03. L2CU: Learning to Complement Unseen Users. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648122

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