Coherent Absorption Dynamics: The Dual Role of Off-Diagonal Couplings in Weakly Bound Nuclei

Abstract

Disentangling reaction mechanisms in weakly bound nuclei remains a long-standing challenge, complicated by the common practice of treating absorption as an incoherent sum of channel contributions. Within the continuum-discretized coupled-channels (CDCC) framework, we apply the generalized optical theorem [Nucl. Phys. A 842, 48 (2010)] and show that the total absorption cross section, $\sigma_A \propto -\langle\Psi|W|\Psi\rangle$, decomposes as $\sigma_A = \sigma_D + \sigma_B + \sigma_{int}$, where $\sigma_{int}$ is a coherent interference term between channel components. For the systems and complex fragment-target optical potentials considered, $\sigma_{int}$ is negative and comparable in magnitude to the direct absorption terms. The off-diagonal imaginary couplings play a dual role: they redistribute flux among channels and generate $\sigma_{int}$, which is required for flux-balance consistency. In calculations for $d+^{93}$Nb and $^6$Li$+^{59}$Co/$^{208}$Pb, retaining the full non-diagonal coupling matrix nearly doubles the breakup-channel absorption for the heavy target, while reducing the total absorption through $\sigma_{int}$. Neglecting the off-diagonal imaginary couplings $W_{ij}$ ($i \neq j$) is not merely an approximation but leads to a systematically biased physical picture: the total absorption is overestimated while the breakup absorption component is severely underestimated. Experimental analyses that employ incoherent-sum models to extract direct and breakup cross sections from data will inherit this bias. The full coupling matrix is therefore essential for mechanism-resolved cross-section extraction, and we advocate that experimentalists adopt full-coupling CDCC calculations as the standard for consistent interpretation of absorption data in weakly bound systems.