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arXiv · 2601.09523

TEMPO: A Realistic Multi-Domain Benchmark for Temporal Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval

Abdelrahman Abdallah·Mohammed Ali·Muhammad Abdul-Mageed·Adam Jatowt
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Abstract

Existing temporal QA benchmarks focus on simple fact-seeking queries from news corpora, while reasoning-intensive retrieval benchmarks lack temporal grounding. However, real-world information needs often require reasoning about temporal evolution and synthesizing evidence across time periods. We introduce TEMPO, the first benchmark combining temporal reasoning with reasoning-intensive retrieval across 13 domains. TEMPO features: (1) 1,730 complex queries requiring deep temporal reasoning such as tracking changes, identifying trends, or comparing cross-period evidence; (2) step-wise retrieval planning with 3,976 decomposed steps and gold documents mapped to each step for multi-hop evaluation; and (3) novel temporal metrics including Temporal Coverage@k and Temporal Precision@k measuring whether results span required time periods. Evaluation of 12 retrieval systems reveals substantial challenges: the best model (DiVeR) achieves only 32.0 NDCG@10 and 71.4\% Temporal Coverage@10, demonstrating difficulty in retrieving temporally complete evidence. We believe TEMPO provides a challenging benchmark for improving temporal reasoning in retrieval and RAG systems. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/tempo-bench/Tempo. See also our official website: https://tempo-bench.github.io/.

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Abdelrahman Abdallah, Mohammed Ali, Muhammad Abdul-Mageed, Adam Jatowt. 2026-01-14. TEMPO: A Realistic Multi-Domain Benchmark for Temporal Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09523

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