Spectral Signatures of Heavy Quarkonia in a Rotating and Anisotropic Quark-Gluon Plasma: A Holographic Study

Abstract

We investigate the in-medium spectral functions and effective masses of heavy quarkonia charmonium ($J/\Psi$) and bottomonium ($\Upsilon(1S)$) in a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) possessing both global rotation and spatial anisotropy. Using a gauge/gravity holographic model incorporating finite temperature, chemical potential, and warp factor, we compute the spectral signatures non-perturbatively. Our results show that both rotation and anisotropy enhance quarkonium dissociation, manifesting as peak suppression and width broadening in the spectral functions. Crucially, their effects are directional: anisotropy primarily dissociates longitudinally polarized states, while rotation more strongly disrupts transversely polarized ones. A competitive interplay exists: for small anisotropy, rotational effects dominate at high angular velocity, whereas for large anisotropy, anisotropy governs the dissociation regardless of rotation strength. Furthermore, rotation induces a non-monotonic temperature dependence in the transverse effective mass of $J/\Psi$, while strong anisotropy causes similar non-monotonicity in the longitudinal effective mass of $J/\Psi$. These findings reveal how the distinct symmetry breaking patterns induced by QGP rotation and anisotropy reshape the heavy quarkonium spectrum, providing new insights into polarization-dependent suppression in non-central heavy-ion collisions.