Noisy-QSMOTE: Robustness Analysis of Quantum SMOTE under Quantum-Inspired Noise for Condition Monitoring and Fault Classification in Industrial and Energy Systems

Abstract

Imbalanced datasets remain a major challenge in industrial condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, often causing machine-learning models to favor majority classes while underrepresenting minority fault conditions. This work investigates the Quantum Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (QSMOTE) through three stages: (i) baseline evaluation on the original imbalanced datasets, (ii) assessment after QSMOTE-based balancing, and (iii) analysis of QSMOTE under quantum-inspired perturbations. Unlike conventional robustness studies, the considered noise channels are injected directly into the compact-swap-test-based similarity estimation process used during synthetic sample generation, influencing overlap estimation, angle computation, and the generated minority samples. Experiments are conducted on four multi-class datasets: the Solar Panel Image Dataset (SPID), the CWRU Bearing Dataset (CWRUBD), the Engine Failure Detection Dataset (EFDD), and the Industrial Fault Detection Dataset (IFDD). Performance is evaluated using Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression (LR), and Naive Bayes (NB) classifiers. The results show that QSMOTE effectively reduces class imbalance and substantially improves the performance of non-linear classifiers, with gains of up to 170% on EFDD and accuracies exceeding 0.99 on IFDD. Further analysis under bit-flip, phase-flip, bit-phase-flip, depolarizing, amplitude damping, and phase damping channels demonstrates how perturbations introduced during similarity estimation propagate through synthetic sample generation and influence downstream classification performance. The proposed framework provides a practical approach for studying both imbalance mitigation and noisy quantum-inspired oversampling in industrial and energy-system applications.