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arXiv · 2601.12410

Are LLMs Smarter Than Chimpanzees? An Evaluation on Perspective Taking and Knowledge State Estimation

Dingyi Yang·Junqi Zhao·Xue Li·Ce Li·Boyang Li
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Abstract

Cognitive anthropology suggests that the distinction of human intelligence lies in the ability to infer other individuals' knowledge states and understand their intentions. In comparison, our closest animal relative, chimpanzees, lack the capacity to do so. With this paper, we aim to evaluate LLM performance in estimating other individuals' knowledge states and their potential actions. We design two tasks to test (1) if LLMs can predict story characters' next actions based on their own knowledge vs. improperly using information unavailable from their perspective, and (2) if LLMs can detect when story characters, through their actions, demonstrate knowledge they should not possess. Results reveal that most current state-of-the-art LLMs achieve near-random performance on both tasks, and are substantially inferior to humans. We argue future LLM research should place more weight on the abilities of knowledge estimation and intention understanding.

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Dingyi Yang, Junqi Zhao, Xue Li, Ce Li, Boyang Li. 2026-01-18. Are LLMs Smarter Than Chimpanzees? An Evaluation on Perspective Taking and Knowledge State Estimation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.12410

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