5G NR Non-Terrestrial Networks: Open Challenges for Full-Stack Protocol Design

Francesco Rossato; Mattia Figaro; Alessandro Traspadini; Takayuki Shimizu; Chinmay Mahabal; Sanjeewa Herath; Chunghan Lee; Dogan Kutay Pekcan; Michele Zorzi; Marco Giordani

arXiv · 2601.14883

5G NR Non-Terrestrial Networks: Open Challenges for Full-Stack Protocol Design

Francesco Rossato·Mattia Figaro·Alessandro Traspadini·Takayuki Shimizu·Chinmay Mahabal·Sanjeewa Herath·Chunghan Lee·Dogan Kutay Pekcan·Michele Zorzi·Marco Giordani

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Abstract

As 5th generation (5G) networks continue to evolve, there is a growing interest toward the integration of Terrestrial Networks (TNs) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs). Specifically, NTNs leverage space/air base stations such as satellites, High Altitude Platforms (HAPs), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for expanding wireless coverage to underserved rural/remote areas, supporting emergency communications, and offloading traffic in highly congested urban environments. In this paper we focus on the 3GPP 5G NR-NTN standard in the context of satellite communication networks, and highlight critical challenges that must be addressed for proper full-stack protocol design, with considerations related to the PHY, MAC, and higher layers. We also present simulation results in ns-3 to demonstrate the impact of some of these challenges on the network, as an initial step toward more advanced standardization activities on 3GPP 5G NR-NTN.

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Francesco Rossato, Mattia Figaro, Alessandro Traspadini, Takayuki Shimizu, Chinmay Mahabal, Sanjeewa Herath, Chunghan Lee, Dogan Kutay Pekcan, Michele Zorzi, Marco Giordani. 2026-01-21. 5G NR Non-Terrestrial Networks: Open Challenges for Full-Stack Protocol Design. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14883

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