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arXiv · 2601.18816

Three expressions of the $n$-th prime number: discrete sieving, spectral analysis and probabilistic dynamics

Jean-Christophe Pain
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Abstract

The search for a closed-form expression of the $n$-th prime number, $p_n$, has long oscillated between the rigid determinism of analytic functions and the apparent randomness of local distributions. This paper explores three different approaches to $p_n$. The first one formalizes an analytical identity for $p_{n}$ based on a harmonic summation filtered by a M\"obius-derived coprimality indicator. Unlike Gandhi's 1971 identity, which employs a geometric density and logarithmic extraction, this formula operates through a discrete summation over the range defined by Bertrand's postulate. In the second one, we refine the ``harmonic resonance'' model, which posits that primes emerge as spectral nodes from von Mangoldt oscillations. Third, we adopt a ``survival dynamics'' approach, inspired by Mertens' theorems, treating prime spacing as an evolutionary growth process. By bridging these perspectives, we offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the transition from asymptotic trends to discrete arithmetic realities.

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Jean-Christophe Pain. 2026-01-22. Three expressions of the $n$-th prime number: discrete sieving, spectral analysis and probabilistic dynamics. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18816

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