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arXiv · 2602.00175

The Illusion of Forgetting: Attack Unlearned Diffusion via Initial Latent Variable Optimization

Manyi Li·Yufan Liu·Lai Jiang·Bing Li·Yuming Li·Weiming Hu
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Abstract

Text-to-image diffusion models (DMs) are frequently abused to produce harmful or copyrighted content, violating public interests. Concept erasure (unlearning) is a promising paradigm to alleviate this issue. However, there exists a peculiar forgetting illusion phenomenon with unclear cause. Based on empirical analysis, we formally explain this cause: most unlearning partially disrupt the mapping between linguistic symbols and the underlying internal knowledge, leaving the knowledge intact as dormant memories. We further demonstrate that distributional discrepancy in the denoising process serves as a measurable indicator of how much of the mapping is retained, also reflecting unlearning strength. Inspired by this, we propose IVO (Initial Latent Variable Optimization), a novel attack framework designed to assess the robustness of current unlearning methods. IVO optimizes initial latent variables to realign the noise distribution of unlearned models with that of their vanilla counterparts, which reconstructs the fractured mappings and consequently revives dormant memories. Extensive experiments covering 11 unlearning techniques and 3 concept scenarios show that IVO outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, exposing fundamental flaws in current unlearning mechanisms. Warning: This paper has unsafe images that may offend some readers.

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Manyi Li, Yufan Liu, Lai Jiang, Bing Li, Yuming Li, Weiming Hu. 2026-01-30. The Illusion of Forgetting: Attack Unlearned Diffusion via Initial Latent Variable Optimization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00175

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