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arXiv · 2602.15498

Scaling solutions in three-form cosmology

Vitor da Fonseca·Bruno J. Barros·Tiago Barreiro·Nelson J. Nunes
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Abstract

A hybrid three-form model of dark energy is developed in order to identify scaling solutions, a long-sought feature in three-form cosmology. Exploiting Hodge dualities, the theory is formulated in terms of two scalar functions that are associated with the conjugate momentum, and the three-form dual vector in an isotropic background. The resulting Lagrangian yields a stable scaling attractor where the three-form energy density tracks the dominant background fluid. A dynamical mechanism is also identified that naturally drives the system out of this regime toward a late-time accelerated phase distinguishable from a cosmological constant. This constitutes the first realization of scaling behavior within a three-form dark energy framework.

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Vitor da Fonseca, Bruno J. Barros, Tiago Barreiro, Nelson J. Nunes. 2026-02-17. Scaling solutions in three-form cosmology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2026.102309

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