From Coils to Surface Recession: Multiphysics Simulation of Ablation in ICP Wind Tunnels

Abstract

This work presents a multi-solver, coupled computational framework for predicting the thermo-chemical material response of thermal protection systems in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) wind tunnels. The framework integrates a high-fidelity Navier-Stokes plasma solver, an electromagnetic field solver, and a discontinuous-Galerkin material response solver using a partitioned coupling strategy. This enables an ab initio, end-to-end simulation of the 350 kW Plasmatron X facility at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), including plasma generation, electromagnetic heating, near-wall thermochemistry, and time-accurate material ablation. The model captures key ICP physics such as vortex-mode recirculation, Joule-heating-driven plasma formation, and Lorentz-force-induced flow confinement, and accurately predicts the transition from subsonic to supersonic jet behavior at low pressures. Validation against cold-wall calorimetry shows that predicted stagnation-point cold-wall heat fluxes fall well within experimental uncertainty, while coupled ablation simulations accurately reproduce measured stagnation temperature histories and recession rates with errors below 12% and 10%, respectively. Remaining discrepancies are attributed to uncertainties in power-coupling efficiency, equilibrium ablation modeling, and material property datasets. Sensitivity analyses reveal that a 10% variation in system efficiency can induce changes of up to 11% in steady- state surface temperature and 17% in recession rate, whereas an equivalent variation in material thermal conductivity results in comparatively minor deviations of about 1.5% and 0.5%, respectively. Overall, the framework demonstrates strong predictive capability for ICP wind tunnel environments and provides a foundation for improved design, interpretation, and planning of hypersonic material testing campaigns.