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arXiv · 2602.19673

Identifying and Explaining (Non-)Equivalence of First-Order Logic Formulas

Fabian Vehlken·Thomas Zeume·Emilio Carrasco Bustamante·Maëlle Cornély·Lukas Pradel
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Abstract

First-order logic is the basis for many knowledge representation formalisms and methods. Providing technological support for learning to write first-order formulas for natural language specifications requires methods to test formulas for (non-)equivalence and to provide explanations for non-equivalence. We propose such methods based on both theoretical insights and existing tools, implement them, and report on experiments testing their effectiveness on a large educational data set with > 100.000 pairs of first-order formulas.

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Fabian Vehlken, Thomas Zeume, Emilio Carrasco Bustamante, Maëlle Cornély, Lukas Pradel. 2026-02-23. Identifying and Explaining (Non-)Equivalence of First-Order Logic Formulas. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19673

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