Tokenizing Semantic Segmentation with Run Length Encoding

Abhineet Singh; Justin Rozeboom; Nilanjan Ray

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arXiv · 2602.21627

Tokenizing Semantic Segmentation with Run Length Encoding

Abhineet Singh·Justin Rozeboom·Nilanjan Ray

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Abstract

This paper presents a new unified approach to semantic segmentation in both images and videos by using language modeling to output the masks as sequences of discrete tokens. We use run length encoding (RLE) to discretize the segmentation masks, and adapt the Pix2Seq framework to learn autoregressive models to output these tokens. We propose novel tokenization strategies to compress the lengths of the token sequences to make it practicable to extend this approach to videos. We also show how instance information can be incorporated into the tokenization process to perform panoptic segmentation. We evaluate our models on two domain-specific datasets to demonstrate their competitiveness with the state of the art in certain scenarios, in spite of being severely bottlenecked by our limited computational resources. We supplement these analyses by proposing several promising approaches to foster future competitiveness in general-purpose applications, and facilitate this by making our code and models publicly available.

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Abhineet Singh, Justin Rozeboom, Nilanjan Ray. 2026-02-25. Tokenizing Semantic Segmentation with Run Length Encoding. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.21627

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