CASCADE: Cross-scale Advective Super-resolution with Climate Assimilation and Downscaling Evolution

Abstract

Super-resolution of geophysical fields presents unique challenges beyond natural image enhancement: fine-scale structures must respect physical dynamics, conserve mass and energy, and evolve coherently in time. These constraints are especially critical for extreme events, where rare, localized, high-intensity features drive impacts and where temporally inconsistent "hallucinated" detail can misrepresent hazards. We introduce CASCADE (Cross-scale Advective Super-resolution with Climate Assimilation and Downscaling Evolution), a framework that reframes spatiotemporal super-resolution as an explicit transport process across scales. Rather than hallucinating high-frequency content per pixel, CASCADE reconstructs fine structure by iteratively advecting coarse information along learned, flow-conditioned velocity fields through semi-Lagrangian warping. The architecture decomposes motion into resolved (large-scale) and subgrid (unresolved) components, mirroring the closure problem in numerical weather prediction, and enforces low-resolution consistency through an assimilation-style innovation step. Evaluated on SEVIR radar data for 4x super-resolution of severe convective storms, CASCADE outperforms strong baselines across both continuous metrics (PSNR, SSIM, MAE) and threshold-based skill scores (CSI, HSS, POD) while providing interpretable diagnostics through visualizable velocity and correction fields. By encoding advection as the fundamental operator rather than learning it implicitly, CASCADE produces temporally coherent, physically consistent, and mass-conserving reconstructions well suited to advection-dominated extremes in atmospheric and oceanic applications.