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arXiv · 2603.00170

A Novel Evolutionary Method for Automated Skull-Face Overlay in Computer-Aided Craniofacial Superimposition

Práxedes Martínez-Moreno·Andrea Valsecchi·Pablo Mesejo·Pilar Navarro-Ramírez·Valentino Lugli·Sergio Damas
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Abstract

Craniofacial Superimposition is a forensic technique for identifying skeletal remains by comparing a post-mortem skull with ante-mortem facial photographs. A critical step in this process is Skull-Face Overlay (SFO). This stage involves aligning a 3D skull model with a 2D facial image, typically guided by cranial and facial landmarks' correspondence. However, its accuracy is undermined by individual variability in soft-tissue thickness, introducing significant uncertainty into the overlay. This paper introduces Lilium, an automated evolutionary method to enhance the accuracy and robustness of SFO. Lilium explicitly models soft-tissue variability using a 3D cone-based representation whose parameters are optimized via a Differential Evolution algorithm. The method enforces anatomical, morphological, and photographic plausibility through a combination of constraints: landmark matching, camera parameter consistency, head pose alignment, skull containment within facial boundaries, and region parallelism. This emulation of the usual forensic practitioners' approach leads Lilium to outperform the state-of-the-art method in terms of both accuracy and robustness.

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Práxedes Martínez-Moreno, Andrea Valsecchi, Pablo Mesejo, Pilar Navarro-Ramírez, Valentino Lugli, Sergio Damas. 2026-02-26. A Novel Evolutionary Method for Automated Skull-Face Overlay in Computer-Aided Craniofacial Superimposition. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.00170

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