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arXiv · 2603.02806

The Price of Robustness: Stable Classifiers Need Overparameterization

Jonas von Berg·Adalbert Fono·Massimiliano Datres·Sohir Maskey·Gitta Kutyniok
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Abstract

The relationship between overparameterization, stability, and generalization remains incompletely understood in the setting of discontinuous classifiers. We address this gap by establishing a generalization bound for finite function classes that improves inversely with class stability, defined as the expected distance to the decision boundary in the input domain (margin). Interpreting class stability as a quantifiable notion of robustness, we derive as a corollary a law of robustness for classification that extends the results of Bubeck and Sellke beyond smoothness assumptions to discontinuous functions. In particular, any interpolating model with $p \approx n$ parameters on $n$ data points must be unstable, implying that substantial overparameterization is necessary to achieve high stability. We obtain analogous results for parameterized infinite function classes by analyzing a stronger robustness measure derived from the margin in the codomain, which we refer to as the normalized co-stability. Experiments support our theory: stability increases with model size and correlates with test performance, while traditional norm-based measures remain largely uninformative.

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Jonas von Berg, Adalbert Fono, Massimiliano Datres, Sohir Maskey, Gitta Kutyniok. 2026-03-03. The Price of Robustness: Stable Classifiers Need Overparameterization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.02806

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