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arXiv · 2603.11270

On the PLS-Completeness of $k$-Opt Local Search for the Traveling Salesman Problem

Sophia Heimann·Hung P. Hoang·Stefan Hougardy
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Abstract

The $k$-Opt algorithm is a local search algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. Starting with an initial tour, it iteratively replaces at most $k$ edges in the tour with the same number of edges to obtain a better tour. Krentel (FOCS 1989) showed that the traveling salesman problem with the $k$-Opt neighborhood is complete for the class PLS (polynomial time local search). However, his proof requires $k \gg 1000$ and has a substantial gap. We provide the first rigorous proof for the PLS-completeness and at the same time drastically lower the value of $k$ to $k \geq 15$, addressing an open question by Monien, Dumrauf, and Tscheuschner (ICALP 2010). Our result holds for both the general and the metric traveling salesman problem.

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Sophia Heimann, Hung P. Hoang, Stefan Hougardy. 2026-03-11. On the PLS-Completeness of $k$-Opt Local Search for the Traveling Salesman Problem. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11270

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