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arXiv · 2603.13616

Beyond Binary Success: Sample-Efficient and Statistically Rigorous Robot Policy Comparison

David Snyder·Apurva Badithela·Nikolai Matni·George Pappas·Anirudha Majumdar·Masha Itkina·Haruki Nishimura
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Abstract

Generalist robot manipulation policies are becoming increasingly capable, but are limited in evaluation to a small number of hardware rollouts. This strong resource constraint in real-world testing necessitates both more informative performance measures and reliable and efficient evaluation procedures to properly assess model capabilities and benchmark progress in the field. This work presents a novel framework for robot policy comparison that is sample-efficient, statistically rigorous, and applicable to a broad set of evaluation metrics used in practice. Based on safe, anytime-valid inference (SAVI), our test procedure is sequential, allowing the evaluator to stop early when sufficient statistical evidence has accumulated to reach a decision at a pre-specified level of confidence. Unlike previous work developed for binary success, our unified approach addresses a wide range of informative metrics: from discrete partial credit task progress to continuous measures of episodic reward or trajectory smoothness, spanning both parametric and nonparametric comparison problems. Through extensive validation on simulated and real-world evaluation data, we demonstrate up to 70% reduction in evaluation burden compared to standard batch methods and up to 50% reduction compared to state-of-the-art sequential procedures designed for binary outcomes, with no loss of statistical rigor. Notably, our empirical results show that competing policies can be separated more quickly when using fine-grained task progress than binary success metrics.

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David Snyder, Apurva Badithela, Nikolai Matni, George Pappas, Anirudha Majumdar, Masha Itkina, Haruki Nishimura. 2026-03-13. Beyond Binary Success: Sample-Efficient and Statistically Rigorous Robot Policy Comparison. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13616

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