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arXiv · 2603.13827

Electrometry of extremely-low frequencies from kHz to sub-Hz with a Rydberg-atom sensor

Aveek Chandra·Narongrit Paensin·Rainer Dumke
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Abstract

Rydberg-atom electric field sensing has shown great potential from near-DC to THz with state-of-the-art measurement metrics realized in sensitivity, phase extraction, multi-band receptivity, etc. While Rydberg-atom sensors have shown exceptional performance in the GHz regime, low-frequency operation has remained challenging because of electric-field-screening in conventional vapor cells, which suppresses externally applied fields. We overcome this limitation by combining auxiliary modulation and lock-in detection with a paraffin-coated vapor cell, and demonstrate an electrode-free, wideband method for sensing frequencies, ranging from 0.5 Hz to 10 kHz. Our work extends Rydberg-atom sensor range to VLF, ULF, SLF, ELF and sub-ELF frequency bands. In our method, high state-of-the-art sensitivities have been achieved - 819 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 1 Hz, 33 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 10 Hz, 10 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 100 Hz and 2 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 1 kHz.

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Aveek Chandra, Narongrit Paensin, Rainer Dumke. 2026-03-14. Electrometry of extremely-low frequencies from kHz to sub-Hz with a Rydberg-atom sensor. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt%2Fs40507-026-00550-7

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