Irreducibility of Endomorphisms of Finitely Generated Free Semigroups

Abstract

We introduce and investigate the irreducibility of endomorphisms of finitely generated free semigroups, i.e., we investigate when an endomorphism $\varphi: \Sigma^+ \to \Sigma^+$, where $\Sigma$ is any alphabet, can be nontrivially expressed as a composition $\varphi = \psi_2 \circ \psi_1$ of endomorphisms $\psi_1, \psi_2: \Sigma^+ \to \Sigma^+$. We, hence, study a notion of primality in the endomorphism monoid of the free semigroup -- a natural and fundamental concept in this algebraic structure. We establish that irreducibility is a nontrivial property for the class of so-called rank-preserving endomorphisms, and we provide a characteristic condition separating the reducible and irreducible endomorphisms. We also characterise when an endomorphism is a factor of another endomorphism, analyse the non-uniqueness of factorisations of a rank-preserving endomorphism into its irreducible components, and investigate the use of incidence matrices to give insights into the (ir-)reducibility of rank-preserving endomorphisms.