A closed-loop platform for the design and nanoscale imaging of GHz acoustic metamaterials

Federico Maccagno; Jasleen Kaur; Benjamin H. November; Layan Ansari; Daria-Teodora Harabor; Rares-Georgian Mihalcea; Harris Pirie; Jennifer E. Hoffman

arXiv · 2603.21744

A closed-loop platform for the design and nanoscale imaging of GHz acoustic metamaterials

Federico Maccagno·Jasleen Kaur·Benjamin H. November·Layan Ansari·Daria-Teodora Harabor·Rares-Georgian Mihalcea·Harris Pirie·Jennifer E. Hoffman

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Abstract

Band structure engineering in surface acoustic wave (SAW) metamaterials could advance both classical telecommunications and quantum information processing. However, no imaging technique has demonstrated the necessary capability to resolve sub-$\mu$m traveling SAWs across wide GHz bandwidths. Existing methods capture only fragments of the dispersion at discrete frequencies, preventing systematic characterization and control of SAW-based metamaterials. Here, we develop electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to enable real-space imaging of traveling SAWs in honeycomb metamaterials on LiNbO$_3$. Our application leverages sub-200 nm spatial resolution, broad GHz bandwidth, and non-contact imaging to map complex band structures with continuous frequency resolution and expanded frequency range, while preserving sub-lattice detail. Using EFM, we map the full relevant frequency range around the Dirac point of a SAW graphene analog, including the acoustic Dirac cones, and the transition from ballistic to diffusive SAW transport regime. Furthermore, by breaking sublattice symmetry, we tune the opening of a band gap at the Dirac point, and image frequency-dependent wave localization on sublattice sites. Our EFM technique closes the loop between design and real-space validation, streamlining the engineering of arbitrary SAW landscapes for next-generation applications spanning telecommunications, microfluidics, and quantum acoustics.

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Federico Maccagno, Jasleen Kaur, Benjamin H. November, Layan Ansari, Daria-Teodora Harabor, Rares-Georgian Mihalcea, Harris Pirie, Jennifer E. Hoffman. 2026-03-23. A closed-loop platform for the design and nanoscale imaging of GHz acoustic metamaterials. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.21744

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