Incorporating Continuous Dependence Qualifies Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Operator Learning

Guojie Li; Wuyue Yang; Liu Hong

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arXiv · 2603.25122

Incorporating Continuous Dependence Qualifies Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Operator Learning

Guojie Li·Wuyue Yang·Liu Hong

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Abstract

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have been proven as a promising way for solving various partial differential equations, especially high-dimensional ones and those with irregular boundaries. However, their capabilities in real applications are highly restricted by their poor generalization performance. Inspired by the rigorous mathematical statements on the well-posedness of PDEs, we develop a novel extension of PINNs by incorporating the additional information on the continuous dependence of PDE solutions with respect to parameters and initial/boundary values (abbreviated as cd-PINN). Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate that, with limited labeled data, cd-PINN achieves 1-3 orders of magnitude lower in test MSE than DeepONet and FNO. Therefore, incorporating the continuous dependence of PDE solutions provides a simple way for qualifying PINNs for operator learning.

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Guojie Li, Wuyue Yang, Liu Hong. 2026-03-26. Incorporating Continuous Dependence Qualifies Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Operator Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25122

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