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arXiv · 2603.27468

Time-energy uncertainty relation from subcycle mode vacuum fluctuations of a quantum field

Achintya Sajeendran·Timothy C. Ralph
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Abstract

The time-energy uncertainty relation is often invoked as a heuristic explanation for virtual particles in interacting quantum field theories. However, this interpretation breaks down upon closer scrutiny for several reasons, particularly since virtual particles do not have a well-defined temporal extension. Although concrete derivations and interpretations of time-energy uncertainty bounds in quantum mechanics have been established, most famously by Mandelstam and Tamm in 1945, there is no known rigorous connection between these bounds and the concept of virtual particles in quantum field theory. In this work, we use a model in which the vacuum particle content associated with subcycle, spatiotemporally localised modes of a free scalar field can be converted into excitations of a rapidly-switched harmonic-oscillator Unruh-DeWitt detector coupled to the conjugate field. Defining the time uncertainty as the effective duration of the detector-field interaction and identifying the contribution to the energy fluctuations of the detector resulting from the subcycle mode vacuum fluctuations, we show that a time-energy uncertainty relation is satisfied in the deep subcycle regime. Our results provide a concrete operational meaning to the textbook heuristic picture of virtual particles in quantum field theory in terms of the time-energy uncertainty principle.

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Achintya Sajeendran, Timothy C. Ralph. 2026-03-29. Time-energy uncertainty relation from subcycle mode vacuum fluctuations of a quantum field. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.27468

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