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arXiv · 2604.00377

Reclaiming Idle CPU Cycles on Kubernetes: Sparse-Domain Multiplexing for Concurrent MPI-CFD Simulations

Tianfang Xie
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Abstract

When simulations parallelized with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) run on shared Kubernetes clusters, conventional CPU scheduling leaves most provisioned cycles idle at synchronization barriers. This paper presents a multiplexing framework that reclaims this idle capacity by co-locating multiple simulations on the same cluster. Profiling through the MPI profiling interface quantifies per-rank idle fractions; proportional CPU allocation then lets a second simulation run concurrently with minimal overhead, yielding 1.77x throughput. A sweep to eight concurrent simulations locates the capacity boundary: throughput rises to 4.09x at N=6, where pod count equals cluster vCPU count, then collapses to 0.50x at N=8 as busy-wait MPI progress threads displace useful computation. A single-parameter analytical model fitted on one mesh reproduces all twelve concurrent configurations, measured across a 4x range of mesh sizes, within 6.4%, including the boundary point within 0.8%. Four NAS Parallel Benchmarks kernels (1.92-1.99x at N=2), a half-size cluster (1.68x), and per-pod memory accounting confirm generality across workloads, cluster sizes, and resource dimensions. A dynamic controller automates profiling, In-Place Pod Vertical Scaling (KEP-1287), packing, and fairness monitoring, achieving 3.25x throughput for four simulations with zero pod restarts, the first CPU application of in-place resize to running MPI processes.

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BibTeXRIS

Tianfang Xie. 2026-04-01. Reclaiming Idle CPU Cycles on Kubernetes: Sparse-Domain Multiplexing for Concurrent MPI-CFD Simulations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.00377

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